Originally published on Poul Anderson Appreciation, Tues 28 Jan 2014.
Much of the text below was copied by me from a letter I wrote to Poul
Anderson on Thursday, November 9, 1988. With some slight revisions to
make them read more like an essay rather than a letter.
I
would like to discuss the use Poul Anderson made of the institution of
slavery in his Terran Empire stories. In the Empire's third century,
Philippe Rochefort reflected: "Well, we're reviving it in the Empire...
For terms under conditions limited by law, as a punishment, in order to
get some utility out of the criminal.... (THE PEOPLE OF THE WIND, Ch.
IV). Over two centuries later, Dominic Flandry said in "Warriors From
Nowhere" (AGENT OF THE TERRAN EMPIRE): "If you shoot your neighbor in
order to steal his property, you are a murderer and a thief, subject to
enslavement." That same story also mentioned the existence of voluntary
debt slavery (at least in remote regions of the Empire). Anderson
wrote that "That kind of sacrifice was not in accordance with law and
custom on Terra, but Terra was a long way off and its tributaries
necessarily had a great deal of local autonomy." Chapter II of A KNIGHT
OF GHOSTS AND SHADOWS mentions various criminal convicts as being
"...sentenced to limited terms of enslavement for crimes such as
repeated theft or dangerous negligence."
One convict
was sentenced to life enslavement after committing murder. As she said
to another character (also in Chapter II of A KNIGHT OF GHOSTS AND
SHADOWS): "What else would you do with the wicked? Kill them, even for
tiny things? Give them costly psychocorrection? Lock them away at
public expense, useless to themselves and everybody else? No, let them
work. Let the Imperium get some money from selling them the first time,
if it can." Treason is also mentioned as carrying the penalty of life
enslavement (death was also used to punish treason).
In
Chapter IV of ENSIGN FLANDRY, some infractions of military discipline
are punished with a device called the "nerve lash." Forty-two years
later, in Chapter XIV of A STONE IN HEAVEN, some rebels who voluntarily
surrendered to the Imperial authorities are chastised with nothing worse
than a "...bit of nerve lash." This means that the Empire's criminal
code (both civil and military) ruled that some categories of offenses
were most appropriately corrected with corporal punishment.
To
sum up, for its human subjects, the Empire used both varying terms of
enslavement and corporal punishment to control crime. Obviously, such a
system would have to be adjusted to fit the wildly divergent natures
and laws of thousands of non-human races in the Empire. Crimes
committed by a member of one race against another might be punished by
the penalties set by the victim's species. Or limited enslavement and
corporal punishment could be used when appropriate. Imperial law also
laid down guiding principles, precedents and uniform penalties for such
crimes as murder binding on the Empire as a whole. This would be to
prevent, say, a Cynthian court from judging, perhaps, a Wodenite too
capriciously.
Although many in our Western society
would condemn the Empire's penal system (for using slavery and corporal
punishment), I cannot when considering the failures of the U.S.'s own
criminal justice system. Our reliance on prisons, fines, and
"rehabilitation" has not worked. They do not work because many
criminals are bad people who like committing crimes. A good argument can
be made that all you can do with such felons is punish them and get
some recompensational use out of them or remove them from society. Many
of our jurists and penologists are infected with the Pelagian delusion
of man willing himself to sinless perfection.
So the
slave girl we see at the Crystal Moon described in WE CLAIM THESE STARS
need not, strictly, be thought to have endured an unusually harsh fate
by the standards of her time and society. Most likely, she was
convicted of a crime carrying only a limited term of enslavement and the
Merseians, being bound to obey the laws of the Empire in such cases,
would release her at the end of her term. Unless, of course, she had
been convicted of a crime punished by either life enslavement or the
death penalty.
I now offer some of Poul Anderson's
thoughts on what I wrote above. As he said in his reply letter dated
November 19, 1988, "Actually, although the idea of enslavement as
punishment for crime was originally something I threw in mention of to
add some "local color," its fuller development in later stories about
the Terran Empire resulted, paradoxically, from exploring certain
possible consequences of libertarianism."
Anderson went
on to say libertarians hate the idea of compulsion and would prefer to
make contract the basis of all social interaction. Next, he declared
that this was only an ideal which could be at best approximated. A
libertarian society would minimize or abolish prisons, including
attempts at "rehabilitation." Instead, it would focus on restitution. A
man convicted of theft, for example, would have to return the stolen
property or its equal value, plus paying damages, etc.
To
again quote Anderson: "But, to take a single, perhaps melodramatic
example--though, alas, not unrealistic--suppose a man has raped a woman.
Probably he can't pay adequate money damages, not that there's likely
to be that much money in the world anyway. Should he then work for her,
unpaid? It seems unlikely he'd would have skills she could use, e.g.,
gardening, and still more unlikely that she would want him around. So,
there is this contract he's signed, to work for her. She can sell the
contract to somebody else who does have a use for this character--or who
is a broker. Thus libertarianism could result in a revival of chattel
slavery!"
Anderson ended by saying this was merely a
reductio ad absurdum. But admitted that slavery as a punishment for
crime has occasionally occurred in real history. Finally, he stated he
was against such an idea but that many things had come to pass he would
oppose.
In conclusion, the irony was that the slavery
we see in the Terran Empire most likely had its origins during the
libertarian era of the Solar Commonwealth and the Polesotechnic League!
A couple of persons to whom I sent the link to this article mentioned how, ahem, STRIKING was the illustration I chose for it. Quite deliberately! I hoped that after contemplating the young lady "clad" in nothing much more than a few wisps of, well, nothing much they would then read the article.
ReplyDeleteAlso, the picture does ties in, vaguely, with the topic of my article, if only as a cliche. That is, the stereotype of the beautiful slave girl being sold at auction. It was my hope the absurd picture would help some readers to go on to ponder the questions raised about crime and punishment in my essay.
Sean